Grammar is what a verb is

What is in Grammar 
To be precise Grammar is more of making a right form of words being used by the speakers. These forms help the listener or the audience understand the words and appreciate their meaning.

We all know that there are eight parts of speech in grammar. These help in various forms to form sentences. But as a part of making right sentences, verbs play a major role than any other parts of speech.

Moreover Verbs in general are taken to describe the action part of the sentence that we are intended to speak. What are these verbs made of? And is it true that these verbs describe just our actions?

No, verbs are words that speak more than mere actions or activities. They include expressing the state the position of a person or a thing or a place or an animal. Those words describe the position or the state of being of that person or place or things or animals.
Verbs such as
am, is, are belong the present tense of the list
was, were form the past tense form for the description
been and being add to the past participle and present participle forms of the sentence.

When I describe about my state of being as a professional the verb is used to announce my position as a faculty. Hence I used the sentence - I'm a teacher.
And you use the verbs such as - You are a teacher. They were the students of the previous batch.
As the verbs of 'be' form these come under the umbrella of Main verbs.

Apart from 'be' form verbs we have two more forms - Do form verbs and Have form verbs.

Do, Does -- used in the present tense.
Do is used with the pronouns I, we, you, they - the pronouns forms
WE do this or don't do that. Here Do is taken as the main verb. What are you doing... in this are is the helping verb where as the verb form of do is taken as the present participle form of the verb.
Did  for the past tense
doing & done constitute to be the other forms.

Have forms are used to indicate the possession.
Have is used with the pronouns I, We, You, They.
Has is used with the third person - singular form pronouns - such as he, she, it

Do form and Have form verbs are more of helping nature rather than describe any state of being. Yet the awareness of right usage of these verbs definitely adds confidence to the speaker.

Nobody wants IT yet craves to be the perfectionist in it!

ITs a NOman's Island
Its the 13th Chamber of Shaolin
Its the untamed horse of the sted
Its the most unwanted culprit of the Language
Close your eyes and make a guess :)
_
_
_
_
_
_
If you could make a guess then fine.
Else...
Let me lead you to the topic... it Starts with a G and ends with an R and a double M in the middle... and there are seven alphabet altogether.
G__MM_R :)
yes you got it
The closest one could get to know the usage of words or tenses or sentence making is through this tough guy Mr Grammar.
But once we befriend him, he becomes the best pal. Its a personal finding that I feel happy to share with. He is so demanding and never allows to be lazy. Previously he had a great supporter from the folks of Wren and Martin (the Bible of Grammar for my brother). Now the list of the grammarians is like a facebook frinds' list. You could make your choice or simply refer to any website to practice it.

As a topic of teaching, I had to handle sentence structure and its simple, compound and complex nature. Being a teacher, I have to be a student of grammar. Practice and then preach, no... teach. Be ready to meet me and part of the fun Mr. G the grammarian! Introduced you to the folks yesterday and today we are going to have a deep thinking about you. See you in the class room!

Notes 5 Module 3 Vocabulary

Module 3

Notes 5

Questions and Answers 1-10
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1. Mention any four methods of word formation.
Answer:
There are a number of methods of word formation.
1.Derivation
2.Compounding
3.Blending
4.Acronym
1. Derivation: Derivation in general means the formation of a word from another word or base and the relation of a word to its base or root.
2. Compounding: It means a word that consists of more than one stem. Compounding occurs when two or more words are joined to make one longer word. The component stems of a compound may be of the same part of speech—as in the case of the English word footpath, composed of the two nouns foot and path. They may belong to different parts of speech, as in the case of the English word blackbird, composed of the adjective black and the noun bird.
3. Blending: a blend word is one formed from parts of two or more other words. These parts are called morphemes (the smallest grammatical unit in a language).
cat + -s = the two morpheme units.
Formation
Most blends are formed by one of the following methods:
The end of one word is appended to the beginning of the other
smoke (1) + fog (1) → smog (1)
4. Acronyms: An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually individual letters (as in NATO or laser) and sometimes syllables.
Acronyms are pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters
 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
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2. Write a few lines on ‘root words’ in English.
Answer:
A root is the basic unit of a word. It is the form of a word after all affixes are removed.  It's what's left after you remove all the affixes — the prefixes like "un-" or "anti-" and suffixes such as "-able" and "-tion."  There are many root words that can be used on their own or as parts of other common words in the English language. These are also referred to as base words.
Act  - means to move or do. Acting
Ego - mean "I". Egotist
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3. Mention any six root words taken from foreign languages.
Answer:
Root Words from foreign languages
Here are some more examples of roots, their meanings and other words that are formed by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to these language building blocks:
1.Ambul - means move or walk. Amble, ambulant, ambulate
2.Auto - means self or same. Autocrat, automatic
3.Bene - means good. Benefactor, benevolent
4.Cardio - means heart. Cardiovascular, cardiology
5.Cede - means go, yield. Intercede, recede, concede
6.Counter - means against or opposite. Counteract, counterpoint, counterargument
7.Dem - means people. Democracy, democrat, demographic
8.Derm - means skin. Dermatology, epidermis
9.Equi - means equal. Equity, equilateral, equidistant
10.Hypno - means sleep. Hypnosis, hypnotic
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4. Write any three prefixes and three suffixes that are used to form new words.
Answer: 
Prefixes to form new words:
1. Multi - means many. Multiple, multifaceted, multilingual
2. Omni - means all. Omnipotent, omnipresent, omnivore
3. Poly - means many. Polygamous, polychrome, polytheist

Suffixes to form new words:
1.adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → eg: slowness)
2.verb-to-adjective: -able (pot → eg: potable)
3.verb-to-noun:  -er (to write → eg: writer)
4. adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → eg: personally)
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5. Mention any two synonyms of the following words:
Answer: 
a) Vacant - empty, unoccupied, deserted
b) True - actual, proper, real
c) Polite - respectful, civilized, sophisticated
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6. Mention the antonyms of the following words:
Answer:
a) Generous - selfish or unkind
b) Marvelous -  ordinary
c) Professional - Amateur
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7. Explain the meaning of the word ‘abbreviation’
Answer:
Abbreviations are short forms of lengthy expressions. Abbreviations are in use in almost every discipline and area of life.
Written and verbal communication often includes these abbreviations:
1.R.S.V.P. – This acronym means "Répondez s'il vous plait," French for "respond, if you please." It is often used on invitations to parties and special events, and is intended (as it says) to be responded to with a "yes, we will attend," or "no, we will not."
2.P.S. – Means "post script." At the end of a letter, people will often include a P.S. to include an extra thought that was intended to be included in the letter, but forgotten. Using a P.S. was more common in typewritten letters, when you couldn’t go back and add a sentence in the body of a letter.
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8. Give  any four examples of mostly used abbreviations
Answer:
1. P.S. – Means "post script." At the end of a letter, people will often include a P.S. to include an extra thought that was intended to be included in the letter, but forgotten. Using a P.S. was more common in typewritten letters, when you couldn’t go back and add a sentence in the body of a letter.
2. A.S.A.P. – "As soon as possible," used when encouraging someone to respond to a request without delay.
3. E.T.A. – This acronym means "estimated time of arrival," and is used as a guess for when one expects to arrive while traveling.
4. D.I.Y. – This acronym stands for "do it yourself," which means creating something on your own.  It is often used for crafts and home repairs.
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9. Write a short note on idioms.
Answer:
An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. English has thousands of idioms. Most of English idioms are informal. Idioms are a group of words used for more effective use of language. These words are not interpreted by their literal meaning but by their indicative meaning. Their effective use brings the command over the language.
Eg:
 A bitter pill A situation or information that is unpleasant but must be accepted.
 A hot potato A controversial issue or situation that is awkward or unpleasant to deal with.
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10. Write any four examples of idioms and phrases each.
Answer:
Idioms: An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words.
Examples:
1. ‘See eye to eye’ – this means agreeing with someone.
“They finally saw eye to eye on the business deal.”
2. ‘Once in a blue moon’ – an event that happens infrequently.
“I only go to the cinema once in a blue moon.”
3. Let the cat out of the bag’ – to accidentally reveal a secret.
“I let the cat out of the bag about their wedding plans.”
4. ‘To feel under the weather’ – to not feel well.
 “I’m really feeling under the weather today; I have a terrible cold.”
5. ‘A piece of cake’– something is very easy.
“The English test was a piece of cake.”

Definition:
Phrase means a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit.
Examples:
1. blow up - explode
eg: The terrorists tried to blow up the railroad station.
2. call off -cancel
eg: They called off this afternoon's meeting
3. find out - discover
eg: My sister found out that her husband had been planning a surprise party for her.
4. give away -give something to someone else for free
eg: The filling station was giving away free gas.
5. make out - hear, understand
eg: He was so far away, we really couldn't make out what he was saying.

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VOCABULARY IS A MATTER OF

WORD-BUILDING

AS WELL AS WORD USING

Notes 4 Module 2 Speaking Skills

Module 2 
Question and Answers 11 to 20

11.Explain the various aspects of facial expressions. 
Answer: 
Answer: Facial expressions are one form of nonverbal communication. A smile can indicate approval or happiness. a person is able to convey with just a facial expression. A frown can signal disapproval or unhappiness. In some cases, our facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a particular situation. Just a few examples of emotions that can be expressed via facial expressions include:
1.Happiness
2.Sadness
3.Anger
4.Surprise
5.Disgust
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12.Define visual aids.
Answer:
Visual aids means an item of illustrative matter, such as a film, slide, or model, designed to support written or spoken information. It can be understood more easily as they help the speaker to maintain interest and assist comprehension in his or her presentation. Most visual aids will need advance preparation. They should be operated with efficiency. The speaker must check what facilities are available in advance and plan the presentation accordingly.
List of various visual aids:
1.Whiteboards and Interactive Whiteboards
2.Flip chart
3.Over-head projector (OHP)
4.Slides
5.Video
6.PowerPoint or other presentation software
7.Handouts
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13.Write a short note on slide preparation.
Answer:
Slides of excellent visual quality can have great impact on any size of group.However, a good idea of color combination is required for the images to be seen clearly. This causes the audience to focus on the information and appreciate the content of the topic.
Steps of preparing the slides:
1. Prepare the content first.
2. Make points to map the information.
3. Then decide the number of slides to be prepared.
4. Slides are to be prepared in the correct order.
5. Give numbers to the slides so that the order is maintained.
6. Keep all visuals simple: focus on major points only.
7. Use the same font size and style for similar headings.
8. Use the layout provided in the PowerPoint template for your title page and for all slides.
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14.Explain the preparation of power point presentation. 
Answer:
Power point presentation is a software mostly used for presentations by students or professionals or amateurs alike. This software makes the task of presentation easy by providing previously prepared lay outs for the presentation.
Steps of preparation:
1. Various types of frames are given to include the content in the slides. We can chose any one type and include the content there.
2. Use the same font and size through out the ppt.
3. Choose the pleasant color combinations that are audience friendly. This ensures smooth flow of presentation.
4. Keep the bullet points
5. We can import content by including the links in the slide.
6. Show a slide, allow the audience to read it, then explain it.
7. Rehearse by practicing talking to the audience and keep a floppy disk or pen-drive in case of equipment failure.
8. Most important of all, Do NOT read from a slide.
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15.What are flip charts?
Answer:
A flip chart is a popular, low cost, low tech solution to recording interactive meetings and brainstorming sessions.
A flip chart can be prepared in advance and is portable; it requires no power source and no technical expertise.  Flip charts are ideal for collecting ideas and responses from the audience and are good for spontaneous summaries.
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MODULE 2

NOTES 4

16.Explain the utility of OHP and TV in a presentation.
Answer:
OHPs (Over Head Projectors) are suitable for both large and small groups although the machines can be noisy and unreliable and the projector can obscure the screen. OHPs as a method of presenting have now largely been replaced by presentations projected from a computer onto a whiteboard or other screen.
TV: consider this wise Chinese proverb:"Tell me, I forget. Show me, I remember. Involve me, I understand." Television proves this proverb to the core. Television in the class room can be used to show and highlight the discussions and live debates in order to establish speaking skills in the students. TV also helps in understanding the body language cues to make an impact on the right postures and gestures of the speaking personalities. 
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17.What are the basic techniques of oral presentation?
Answer:
As the person in charge of the situation when presenting, it is your job to make your audience feel comfortable and engaged with both you and the material of the presentation.
● maintain eye contact. Only look at notes or slides very briefly. Sweep the room with your gaze, pausing briefly on various people.
● be aware of your body posture.
● be enthusiastic about your topic.
● Smile
● Slow down your speech. We naturally talk faster when we are nervous. Include pauses to allow your listeners to keep up and time for you to think ahead.
● use gestures to emphasize points and move about the space if possible.
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18.Mention the ways to strengthen your speech.
Answer:
Speech require a good deal of planning.
Scholars estimate that approximately 50% of all mistakes in an oral presentation actually occur in the planning stage (or rather, lack of a planning stage). Make sure to address the following issues:
Audience:
I. Focus your presentation on the audience.
II. Organize your information into three to five points/categories.
III. Build repetition.
Introduction:
•Introduce yourself if needed, providing your affiliation and/or credibility.
•Create an effective opening that will interest your audience: pose a question, give an amazing fact, or tell a short, interesting story.
Main Body:
•Explain your points. Give clear explanations. Provide sufficient evidence to be convincing.
Conclusion:
•Summarize your points.
•Refer to future action if needed.
•End with, “Thank You.”
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19.Explain the factors of planning while preparing for a presentation.
Answer:
The following are the factors fo planning while preparing for a presentation.
Introduction:
•Introduce yourself if needed, providing your affiliation and/or credibility.
•Create an effective opening that will interest your audience: pose a question, give an amazing fact, or tell a short, interesting story.
•Reveal your topic to the audience and explain why it is important for them to learn about.
•Give a brief outline of the major points you will cover in your presentation.
Main Body:
•Explain your points. Give clear explanations. Provide sufficient evidence to be convincing.
Use transitions between sections of your presentation (introduction, body, and conclusion) as well as between points in your main body section.
Use analogies and stories to explain complicated ideas and to build repetition.
Conclusion:
•Signal your conclusion with a transition.
•Summarize your points.
•Refer to future action if needed.
•End with, “Thank You.”
•If answering questions, tell your audience, “I’ll now be happy to answer any questions.”
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20.Mention the ways to make power point presentation. 
Answer:
1. BUILD YOUR SLIDES LAST.
You could be tempted to start monk eying with slides early in your speech writing process – don’t. It’s like building a road – until you know where that road is heading there’s no point laying down sidewalks and planting trees. Your slides are there to ADD to a well-designed speech.
2. DON’T TRY TO REPLACE YOU.
People come to listen to you – your thoughts, interpretations and insights. Fancy transitions, YouTube clips, and tons of text steal from your content and delivery.
Remember: every time you hit that clicker the audience leaves you and goes to the screen.
3. USE A CONSISTENT THEME.
A consistent theme pulls together the variety in your images and message, as you move from problem to solution. You could use the baked-in themes supplied in PowerPoint or Keynote – I don’t because I want a simpler, more unique look.
I create a custom theme simply with my titles, a consistent white background, and sometimes with my logo or my client’s logo.
4. ONE NARRATIVE PER SLIDE.
In   60 minute speech, one can have 30-35 slides, depending on content or complexity of the message. Each slide represents a complete thought.
5. FADE TO BLACK WHEN SPEAKING.
 When you forget the information, you regain your audience’s attention. For example, after presenting one solution, you fade to black while you explain on how to apply the solution in your work.
6. WHEN IN DOUBT, DUMP IT.
In the process of presentation, slides can be essential – they can also be a distraction. When you are struggling, trying to decide if you need a slide, or not, just simply slip over the useless slide.

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Notes 3 Module 2 Speaking Skills

Module 2
Notes 3
SPEAKING SKILLS
Questions listed under 01 - 10 (PART-1)
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1.Define the term ‘speaking’.
Answer: 
Speaking is an act of making vocal sounds
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2. Discuss the significance of speaking
 Answer: Language is a tool for communication. We communicate with others, to express our ideas, and to know others’ ideas as well. Communication takes place, where there is speech. Without speech we cannot communicate with one another.
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3. Mention any four aspects of essentials for effective speaking.
Answer: The essentials of effective speaking are
1. The audience is not the enemy
2. Write your speech word for word
3. Six words that can change the way you speak:  Make a Point; Tell a Story
4. Don't underestimate the power of laughter
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4. Explain the ways to handle the fear of audience.
Answer: The reason why many people avoid public speaking is because they have a fear of it, which is partially feared of an unknown and possibly hostile audience.    Just remember that the audience is not the enemy.   
Just remember to locate some friendly faces out there, those people who seem to be nodding and in general getting enthusiastic about your message

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5. What are the six words that can change the way we speak?
Answer: Six words that can change the way you speak:  Make a Point; Tell a StoryThe speaker should have a point in his/her speech; rather than explain that point to   audience, He needs to have them discover it through experiencing it as part of the story he tells.
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6. Explain the power of laughter
When we laugh, we relax.   When we relax, our minds are more receptive to learning.  A speaker need not be a comedian to make people laugh. Just ask yourself what makes you laugh. Make a note of simple jokes and store them in a folder. This technique works to relax the audience during a session of serious speech. Speakers can insert these into a speech into a place where they will have the most impact.
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7. Define verbal communication.
Answer: Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives words to his/her feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions. The speaker expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and conversations.
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8. Define non-verbal communication. 
Answer: Nonverbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, and body positions. These are collectively known as "body language". This emphasizes what a person is saying. This also offers information about the emotions and attitudes of a person.
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9. Mention the various elements of nonverbal communication. 
Answer:
1.Facial Expressions. Facial expressions are universal across all cultures and nationalities. They express emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust to name a few.
2. Gestures. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we are arguing or speaking animatedly, we express ourselves with gestures often without thinking.
3. Eye Contact. Eye contact is an important form of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone communicates interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person's response.
4. Gestures. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we are arguing or speaking animatedly, we express ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it is important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.

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10. Explain the terms postures and gestures in short. 
Answer:
 a) Body Movements and Posture. This includes the way a person stands, the style in which a person walks, even simple things such as the way a person holds his or her head all convey an unspoken message.
b) Gestures. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we are arguing or speaking animatedly, we express ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it is important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.
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MODULE2

NOTES 3

Little world of Literature 1

Literary quotes are the lines from the books that are quoted often and are connected with the situation or a person or an emotion. Reading the literary works of the writers establishes the connectivity with the words of those characters. One may ask what is the use of words borrowed?

Reading a book equals forgetting self. The writer becomes the guiding source moving us from character to character, emotion to emotion, changing the mindscape, making the mind a wanderer among the chosen landscapes. The first point of forgetting self is the utmost learning of living. The reason behind the most self centered nature of the modernity could be connected to the decreased levels of reading hobby among us.

Once we hug the reading habit, the warmth of the words begin to sink in and grab us into its cocoon. A well knitted habitat welcomes us with the highs and lows of pleasures and pains. The writer might pave the way to get a birds eye view of life events to be experienced in future. The soul of literature is to make us fall in love with our lives. The classics prove this. Just opening the pages of a book welcomes us to be a new self and view the world from the heights of unknown regions of mind and heart.

Hamlet is one such drama for me that knocked the unknown pathways of my mind. The lines that I read for my post graduate examination, soothed the pain filled days of the worst hours.
What breaks a man,
what makes a man,
what drives from the bad to the worst,
what is destiny

All seemed clear as I closed the book and pondered upon the lines that I read. Though nothing is concrete, the impermanence never lacks its beauty. The lines of Keats studded the rhythm and Wordsworth had become the frequent reference of nature. Marlow or Ben Johnson, The apple cart or the Waste land - literature is the blood that gushes life into the journey of casualness of living.

Famous Quotes from Hamlet

"To be, or not to be: that is the question". Hamlet quote (Act III, Sc. I).

"Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry". Hamlet quote Act I, Sc. III).

"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so" Hamlet quote (Act II, Sc. II).

"What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! " Hamlet quote (Act II, Sc. II).

"The lady doth protest too much, methinks". Hamlet ( Quote Act III, Sc. II).

"In my mind's eye".  Hamlet quotation  (Quote Act I, Scene II).

"A little more than kin, and less than kind". (Hamlet Quote Act I, Scene II).

"The play 's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king". Hamlet Quote (Act II, Scene II).

"And it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man". (Hamlet Quote Act I, Scene III)."

"This is the very ecstasy of love". - ( Hamlet Quote Act II, Sc I).

"Brevity is the soul of wit". -  Hamlet Quote (Act II, Scene II).

"Doubt that the sun doth move, doubt truth to be a liar, but never doubt I love". Hamlet Quote (Act II, Sc. II).

"I will speak daggers to her, but use none". - (Hamlet Quote Act III, Sc. II).

"When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions". - (Hamlet Quote Act IV, Scene V).

Notes 2 MODULE 1

MODULE 1
NOTES 2

Questions listed under 11 - 20 (PART-1)

Q11. What is the significance of listening skill?
Answer: "We have two ears but only one mouth" is the most commonly used adage that declares in an easy way to remember that listening can be twice as important as talking. Listening skills make sense of what the other person is saying. It also allows us to understand their intention. Listening is an active process that helps us to make sense of, assess and respond to what we hear. It often improves personal relationships, reduces misunderstanding and strengthenes cooperation.

Q12. Write the difference between listening and hearing.
Answer: The term 'Hearing' describes the sounds that we hear in a casual manner, whereas listening is the cautious action accompanied by concentration on the words being heard by an individual.

13. Define active listening and give the stages of active listening?
Answer:  Listening includes focus. It means paying attention not only to the heard sounds, but also how it si told, the use of vocabulary and voice and the body language. It means the inclusion of both verbal and non verbal messages.

14. Write few lines about logical listeners.
Answer: Logical listeners make an effort to hear what a person is saying. They try to comprehend the meaning of the words. However, they do not understand the intent or the meaning behind the words. THey do not receive messages from intonation, body language or facial expression. they miss the important components of what a speaker is trying to say.  

15. What are the stages involved in listening process?
Answer: The listening process involves five stages: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.  An effective listener must hear and identify the speech sounds heard by him or her. One should understand the message of those sounds. Then critically evaluate that message. The listener should remember what has been said and respond accordingly. 

16. What do the logical listeners listen to in particular.
Answer: Logical listeners make an effort to hear what is being said They comprehen the meaning of the actual words. They miss important components of what a speaker si trying to communicate. Logical listeners need to concentrate more on the non-verbal communication that accopanies the speech. 

17. Write few lines about active listener?
Answer:  Active listener is a person who listens actively and tries his or her best to understand what a speaker si saying and also why. In other words, they respect the speaker's point of view. They would listen with more intent and emotions behind the words. This helsp them to understand the speaker well. Active listening is very important in the workplace. It helps a person to improve productivity and build smother ll=relation ships.

18. How do the gender barriers affect your listening?
 Answer: Communication research has shown that gender can be barrier to listening. Men and women listen very differently and for different purposes. Women are more likely to listen for the emotion behind a speaker’s words. Men listen more for the facts and the content. 

19. Write a short note on listening comprehension. 
Answer: Comprehension means the ability to understand completely and be familiar with a situation, facts, etc. Listening comprehension is the basis for a person's speaking, writing and reading skills. It helps to train his or her listening skills. It is important to listen actively. It means to to actively pay attention to what a person is listening to. Make it a habit to listen to audio books, podcasts, news, songs, etc. and to watch videos and films in the foreign language.

20. Mention the various methods used for listening comprehension. 
Answer: Here are the three methods used for listening comprehension
a. Set the purpose: A good first step in setting the stage is to tell students the purpose for listening.
b. Set the stage: A good first step in setting the stage is to tell students the purpose for listening.
c. Provide the follow up: Many times this follow up will be in a written forma.uch follow-up enablesa person to see what they were able to ascertain while listening

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