ELCS LAB 5
19-02-2020
CALL - WORD STRESS AND RULES
19-02-2020
CALL - WORD STRESS AND RULES
Syllable and types of syllables (to be written)
To communicate clearly when you are speaking in English, it’s important to stress the correct syllables in each word. This is called word stress, which means pronouncing one syllable of a multisyllabic word with greater emphasis (stress) than the
other syllables in the word. Here are four general rules to keep in mind about word stress as you practice pronunciation:
Stress the first syllable of:
Most two-syllable nouns (examples: CLImate, KNOWledge)
Most two-syllable adjectives (examples: FLIPpant, SPAcious)
Stress the last syllable of:
Most two-syllable verbs (examples: reQUIRE, deCIDE)
Stress the second-to-last syllable of:
Words that end in -ic (examples: ecSTATic, geoGRAPHic)
Words ending in -sion and -tion (examples: exTENsion, retriBUtion)
Stress the third-from-last syllable of:
Words that end in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy (examples: deMOCracy, unCERtainty, geOGraphy, radiOLogy)
Words that end in -al (examples: exCEPtional, CRItical)
other syllables in the word. Here are four general rules to keep in mind about word stress as you practice pronunciation:
Stress the first syllable of:
Most two-syllable nouns (examples: CLImate, KNOWledge)
Most two-syllable adjectives (examples: FLIPpant, SPAcious)
Stress the last syllable of:
Most two-syllable verbs (examples: reQUIRE, deCIDE)
Stress the second-to-last syllable of:
Words that end in -ic (examples: ecSTATic, geoGRAPHic)
Words ending in -sion and -tion (examples: exTENsion, retriBUtion)
Stress the third-from-last syllable of:
Words that end in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy (examples: deMOCracy, unCERtainty, geOGraphy, radiOLogy)
Words that end in -al (examples: exCEPtional, CRItical)
A few things to remember:
1. A word can only have one stress.
In a very long word you can have asecondary stress, but it is always a much smallerstress.
2. Only vowels are stressed, not consonants.
The vowels in English area, e, i, o, and u. The consonants are all the other letters.
3. There are many exceptions to the rules.
The word stress rules in English are complicated. Remember that there are exceptions to everyrule. Use a dictionary to check the word stress of new words. .
1. A word can only have one stress.
In a very long word you can have asecondary stress, but it is always a much smallerstress.
2. Only vowels are stressed, not consonants.
The vowels in English area, e, i, o, and u. The consonants are all the other letters.
3. There are many exceptions to the rules.
The word stress rules in English are complicated. Remember that there are exceptions to everyrule. Use a dictionary to check the word stress of new words. .
ICS - DESCRIBING PERSONS PLACES AND THINGS
DESCRIBING OBJECTS
When you wish to describe anything, you must have an eye for the detail. You
must be a good observer. Suppose you were going for a walk. There was a middleaged man struggling up the road on his bicycle. Suddenly, a car came at a great
speed, its horn screaming, and its fend struck the cyclist. The bike and the man fell
down. The car did not stop. There was an enquiry. The police inspector asked you:
The Inspector : Can you identify the car?
You : It was a big car. I think it was a Tata Sumo.
The Inspector : Are you sure? What was its colour?
You : Yes. It was a Sumo. And it was olive green.
The Inspector : Can you remember the number of the car?
You : No, I am sorry. It happened so quickly. I was looking at the
cyclist who fell down.
The Inspector : Couldn’t you at least see if the car was from this state or
from outside?
must be a good observer. Suppose you were going for a walk. There was a middleaged man struggling up the road on his bicycle. Suddenly, a car came at a great
speed, its horn screaming, and its fend struck the cyclist. The bike and the man fell
down. The car did not stop. There was an enquiry. The police inspector asked you:
The Inspector : Can you identify the car?
You : It was a big car. I think it was a Tata Sumo.
The Inspector : Are you sure? What was its colour?
You : Yes. It was a Sumo. And it was olive green.
The Inspector : Can you remember the number of the car?
You : No, I am sorry. It happened so quickly. I was looking at the
cyclist who fell down.
The Inspector : Couldn’t you at least see if the car was from this state or
from outside?
Describing Persons:
It is very important to observe people and be able to describe them.
1. Geeta Kulkarni is twenty two years old. She is very short and has long curly
hair. The best feature in her face is a set of lovely dimples when she smiles,
which she often does.
2. Mahendra is twenty five years old. He is a thin man. He has wheatish
complexion and a small moustache.
3. Ratna is a fifteen year old girl. She is dark skinned, and has a broad face and
very long hair always in a plait.
Study the following descriptive
details:
age : old, terribly old
face: : wrinkled, puckered
general appearance : not pretty, but beautiful
figure : short and fat and slightly bent
manner of walking : hobbled, with one hand resting on her waist
hair : silver, scattered untidily
dress : spotless white
action : lips moved in prayer, hand telling rosary beads.
It is very important to observe people and be able to describe them.
1. Geeta Kulkarni is twenty two years old. She is very short and has long curly
hair. The best feature in her face is a set of lovely dimples when she smiles,
which she often does.
2. Mahendra is twenty five years old. He is a thin man. He has wheatish
complexion and a small moustache.
3. Ratna is a fifteen year old girl. She is dark skinned, and has a broad face and
very long hair always in a plait.
Study the following descriptive
details:
age : old, terribly old
face: : wrinkled, puckered
general appearance : not pretty, but beautiful
figure : short and fat and slightly bent
manner of walking : hobbled, with one hand resting on her waist
hair : silver, scattered untidily
dress : spotless white
action : lips moved in prayer, hand telling rosary beads.
Height : Normally we talk of height in feet. We can only guess someone’s
height. We can say: He must be five feet six inches tall. She is about
five feet three inches.
But very often we say:
He is rather tall. She is rather short. She may come up to my shoulders.
He is of a medium height. He is very tall for an Indian. She cannot be more than five
feet.
Weight : If we know, we can say how much a person weighs. But while
describing, we talk about weight in general terms. We make use of
adjectives such as:
fat, thin, slim, overweight, plump, famished, well-built, stocky,
Face and Head: When you describe someone’s face you say something about his or
her eyes. Eyes can be:
blue, black, brown, grey or green
Hair : Hair can be black, blond, in colour. In size the hair can be long or
short, curly, wavy, straight, closely cropped, tied in a bun, or left loose
round the shoulders.
Moustache: This is in the case of men. There can be a thin moustache or ample
moustache, curved or sloping down. Or a man can be just cleanshaven.
Lips : lips can be thin, red, or wide, and thick
height. We can say: He must be five feet six inches tall. She is about
five feet three inches.
But very often we say:
He is rather tall. She is rather short. She may come up to my shoulders.
He is of a medium height. He is very tall for an Indian. She cannot be more than five
feet.
Weight : If we know, we can say how much a person weighs. But while
describing, we talk about weight in general terms. We make use of
adjectives such as:
fat, thin, slim, overweight, plump, famished, well-built, stocky,
Face and Head: When you describe someone’s face you say something about his or
her eyes. Eyes can be:
blue, black, brown, grey or green
Hair : Hair can be black, blond, in colour. In size the hair can be long or
short, curly, wavy, straight, closely cropped, tied in a bun, or left loose
round the shoulders.
Moustache: This is in the case of men. There can be a thin moustache or ample
moustache, curved or sloping down. Or a man can be just cleanshaven.
Lips : lips can be thin, red, or wide, and thick
Describing Places:
When writing description of places, you need to write about : 1) where it is (its location), what it is --- a castle, a museum, an art gallery, a temple, a palace, etc 2) if it is a historical place, its possible period, when it was built, 3) its structure and its present state, 4) if it is a town, a hill station, then where it is situated, what it is known for, etc. Read this description of Matheran, a hill station in Maharashtra: Matheran: Matheran is a hill station in the district of Raigad. It is situated at the height of 800 meters in the hill ranges of Sahyadri mountain. This beautiful place was discovered in 1850 by the Governor of Bombay (now Mumbai), Lord Elphinston. This is a very peaceful and pleasant hill station, where cars are not allowed. It is a heaven for those who love nature. You see hills covered with green grass.There is a meter-gauge train running from the railway station Neral, which slowly winds up its way to Matheran. It’s a wonderful experience to travel by this train.
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